mechanisms of face perception

(a) The LATER model. This book provides an overview of theoretical thinking about the communicative scope of emotional expressions as well as an overview of the state of the art research in emotional psychology. General. These parts of the brain can be damaged to cause a specific impairment in understanding faces known as prosopagnosia. This book presents the latest research in the field. Participants rated masculinity of 48 male facial photographs and femininity of 48 female facial photographs. Neural mechanisms of face perception, their emergence over development, and their breakdown Marlene Behrmann,1* K. Suzanne Scherf2 and Galia Avidan3 Face perception is probably the most developed visual perceptual skill in humans, most likely as a result of its unique evolutionary and social significance. The amygdala plays an important role in facial recognition. Edited and authored by the leading experts in the field, this work offers the most reputable, easily searchable content with cross referencing across articles, a one-stop reference for students, researchers and teaching faculty. This work built a hierarchical computational model of face-processing based on evidence from recent neuronal and behavioural studies on faces processing in primates, and satisfies face inversion effect, composite face effect, other race effect, view and identity selectivity, and canonical face views. With chapter written by leading researchers in the field, this is the state-of-the-art reference work on this topic, and will be so for many years to come. By age five, the neurological mechanisms responsible for face recognition are present. Among others stimuli, faces provide the required information. The book begins with a section examining the evidence suggesting that there may be something `special' about face processing. This is followed by consideration of the face as a visual pattern. Emotion research has become a mature branch of psychology. This book contains background literature, psychometric data, and copies of stimuli, instruments, scales, and coding manuals, as well as advice from leaders in the field. Much recent research has converged to identify a host of relevant psychological mechanisms that support face recognition. Results from brain imaging (fMRI, PET) and electrophysiology (ERP, MEG) show that in face perception particular regions (i.e. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Aberdeen, Scotland, U.K., June 29-July 4, 1985 Dynamic faces are highly complex, ecologically and socially relevant stimuli which we encounter almost everyday. - Face perception shows us how our general object recognition mechanisms behave for extremely well-practiced objects. Examines the alterations of cognition, perception, and behavior that occur with healthy brain aging, their mechanisms, and their management. This volume brings together new papers advancing contemporary debates in foundational, conceptual, and methodological issues in cognitive neuroscience. Face perception is a highly evolved visual skills in humans. The . (a) Larval fish swimming in shallow water observed from above with a high-speed camera. In this review article, we summarize our results from magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) studies on face perception. A test probe delivers a sinusoidal tactile stimulus to the finger at base frequency f1. In addition, the emergence of the functional and neural specialization for face processing as an experience-dependent . Evolutionary arguments support the specialization for face processing and the existence of a neural mechanism for face perception. Figure 1: Schematic diagram of some of the extrinsic and intrinsic connections of the prefrontal cortex. These results demonstrate that differences in face shape and surface reflectance influence access to awareness and configural face processing at the initial detection stage, and are a first indication that face detection mechanisms are shaped by visual experience with faces from one’s own social group. Functional imaging studies have found that when shown pictures of faces, there is a large increase in the activity of the amygdala.The amygdala receives visual information from the thalamus via the subcortical pathways. It also uses cookies for the purposes of performance measurement. (a) Three neurons spike through time (left), and these spikes are binned and counted (center). The decision is based on a sequence of observations. This book provides readers with a simplified and comprehensive account of the cognitive and neural bases of face perception in humans. Computation Through Neural Population Dynamics, An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function, Zebrafish Behavior: Opportunities and Challenges. An emerging challenge now is to uncover the nature of the associated computations, how they ...Read More. One possibility is that, while the overlap in the processing of faces and stimuli strong in gestalt cues occurs via early, perceptual grouping contributions to holistic perception (Zhao et al., 2015, 2016), the overlap between the processing of face and nonface objects of expertise occurs via the mechanisms responsible for learned attentional . Figure 5: Neural mechanism of a decision about direction of motion. Accumulated evidence from electrophysiology and neuroimaging suggests that face perception involves extrastriate visual mechanisms specialized in processing physiognomic features and building a . A key question in face-perception research is what determines whether face-selective sensory mechanisms are brought to bear on a pattern of visual input. This book summarizes the latest brain imaging research pertaining to character with structural and functional human brain imaging in both normal individuals and those with brain disease or disorder, including psychiatric disorders. Vol. Journal of experimental psychology. In psychology research, face detection is abundant with theories on the mechanisms which drive this ability. Each sense organ is part of a sensory system which receives sensory inputs and transmits sensory information to the brain. If it does, this would indicate that illusory face perception engages similar mechanisms of temporal continuity as real human faces. FFA, STS, IOA, AMTG, prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex . Figure 1: Elements of a simple decision between two alternatives. understanding of the neural mechanisms of face recognition is paramount. Three experiments show that for dog experts sufficiently knowledgeable to individuate dogs of the same breed, memory for photographs of dogs of that breed is as disrupted by inversion as is face recognition, consistent with the view that experts represent items in memory in terms of distinguishing features of a different kind than do novices. When a face is flashed to an observer, a large negative component is elicited in the occipitotemporal cortex at ∼170 ms from the onset of presentation (N170). For the rat DMN (a, top panel): significant clusters include 1, orbital cortex; 2, prelimbic cortex (PrL); 3, cingulat... Joshua I. Additionally, if cross-domain serial adaptation occurs between human faces and illusory faces, this would be evidence for a common mechanism. 1). Second, individuals are so predisposed to extract expressive meaning from a face that we do so even from so-called "neutral" faces, despite the absence of an expression. During its emergence as a separate discipline The present review discussed important issues related to face perception such as whether face perception uses the same neural mechanisms as those used for the recognition of objects. Here we propose a unifying hypothesis, deduced from computational, neurological, fMRI, and single-unit experiments: that what makes face processing special is that it is gated by an obligatory detection process. Face perception is a critical and valued ability that humans have that allows us to be able to understand faces. calamities and face the wrath and aftermath of these disasters. Psychology; . Face pareidolia is the phenomenon of seeing facelike structures in everyday objects. Figure 2: Behavioral tracking, from individual posture to group dynamics. The effectiveness and ubiquity of the simple T-shaped schematic face (eye, eye, nose, mouth . A particular problem for psychologists is to explain the process by which the physical . Studies in humans using such technologies also report neural activity uniquely related to viewing faces. The importance of faces has long been recognized by a wide range of scientists. Further analysis is made by categorizing the statements of the respondents into themes that generalize the responses of the residents. Recognition is how our brain creates and compares descriptions of objects we can see in front of us with descriptions of objects that we have seen previously. “<7XŽimY1}±IÃÎË^'Ï;VÚobþ‹ ß²Õôõ‡¦=è^ô”Óɨg‡/*[3Š¼i—IÈÚêH×Ý?¦R–(«“†µš®S0k[udП…#GÀÆ5G¾”. 31:411-437 (Volume publication date 21 July 2008) You are currently offline. Previous work often remains silent in regard to the mechanism/s underlying this interaction. Larvae can stay in a small illuminated area by turning away from a light-dark boundary (left). The most basic aspect of face perception is simply detecting the presence of a face, which requires the extraction of features that it has in common with other faces. A face that is perceived to have a negative emotion is processed in a less holistic manner than a face displaying a positive emotion. How do our visual systems solve these problems? The contributors to this volume seek to answer this question by exploring how analytic and holistic processes contribute to our perception of faces, objects, and scenes. A state space can be divided up into nonoverlapping subspaces, called the potent and null (sub)spaces, where the potent space may be read out by a downstream area,... Earl K. Miller Jonathan D. CohenVol. Mechanisms of Face Perception 149 CONCLUSION 150 Levels of Analysis 150 Hardwiring versus Construction in Visual Development 151 Future Directions 152 REFERENCES 152 How visual perception develops has long been a central question in understanding psychological development generally. It is different to face perception, which includes the perception of emotions from facial expressions, and the perception of unfamiliar faces (Roth and Bruce 1995). The monkey views a RDM stimulus without any net direction of motion and must release a bar when the motion becomes coherent. The VTF probe is placed on the finger pad. This volume offers a state-of-the-art, interdisciplinary overview of recent work on dynamic faces from both biological and computational perspectives. Furthermore, recent evidence shows that macaques too have specialized neural machinery for processing faces. Developmental prosopagnosia (DP), also known as face blindness, is a cognitive disorder with a severe deficit in recognizing faces. Figure 6: Null and potent subspaces. Studies 4 and 5 use offset faces to show that . Comparative studies may hold the key to understanding how these parallel circuits emerged during human evolution, because the human brain likely utilizes both primitive and recently evolved neural specializations for the processing of faces. The results challenge the traditional notion of holistic processing and the role of holistic processing in face perception. Figure 9: A simple model for “go” reaction times. Neural Mechanisms of the Development of Face Perception There is extensive debate if brain development is due to pruning of excess neurons, synapses, and connections, leading to reduction of responses to irrelevant stimuli, or if development is associated with growth of dendritic arbors, synapses, and myelination leading to increased responses . FFA, STS, IOA, AMTG, prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex . New to this edition are Frontiers in Cognitive Neuroscience text boxes, each one focusing on a leading researcher and their topic of expertise. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015. If face perception emerged because of social needs, there is little reason to believe face specific processing occurs independently of selection pressures in the social world. However, the heterogeneous nature of DP leads to a longstanding debate on which stages the deficit occurs, face perception (e.g., matching two consecutively presented faces) or face memory (e.g., matching a face to memorized faces). Populations of face cells encode faces through broad tuning curves, whose shapes change over time. Understanding the neural mechanisms of object and face recognition is one of the fundamental challenges of visual neuroscience. Figure 1: Example dynamics and population state of a frictionless pendulum. Face recognition is the situation of using the face to identify a familiar individual. Stages of processing in face perception: an MEG study, Faces are among the most informative stimuli we ever perceive: Even a split-second glimpse of a person's face tells us his identity, sex, mood, age, race, and direction of attention. eye, ear, nose. Using a generalized Procrustes analysis, facial shapes were converted into multidimensional vectors . - 'Face specifc' effects are really 'expertise-specific' effects. The neurons in inferior temporal (IT) cortex have been reported to exhibit dynamic responses to face stimuli. The partial convergence of inputs from many brain systems and internal connections of the pref... Figure 2: Schematic diagram illustrating our suggested role for the PF cortex in cognitive control. Mechanisms for Face Perception. There is a need for an integrated computational theory of dynamic face processing that could integrate and summarize evidence obtained with di¤erent experimental methods, from single-cell physiology to fMRI, MEG, and ultimately behavior and psychophysics. This text takes a distinctive, commonsense approach to help newcomers easily learn the basics of how the brain functions when we learn, act, feel, speak and socialize. Its neural basis, however, has remained a mystery. The... Saurabh Vyas, Matthew D. Golub, David Sussillo, Krishna V. ShenoyVol. This book and the accompanying website, focus on template matching, a subset of object recognition techniques of wide applicability, which has proved to be particularly effective for face recognition applications. a) Effect of (un)familiarity. This book draws together, for the first time, the latest scientific findings from leading international researchers on how face recognition develops. The Oxford Handbook of Face Perception is the most comprehensive and commanding review of the field ever published. One intriguing possibility is that neural systems responsible for face perception may be narrowly tuned to distinguish between dif- Neurological evidence strongly implicates a dedicated machinery for . However, the neural mechanisms underlying differential hemispheric lateralization of face perception in right- and left-handers are largely unknown. (a) Detection task. Faces are among the most informative stimuli we ever perceive: Even a split-second glimpse of a person's face tells us his identity, sex, mood, age, race, and direction of attention. Multidisciplinary approaches to Understanding face perception at the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience @ Dartmouth College. Many different types of important information are visible in faces and the processes and mechanisms involved in extracting this information are complex and can be highly specialized. While the right-hemispheric lateralization of the face perception network is well established, recent evidence suggests that handedness affects the cerebral lateralization of face processing at the hierarchical level of the fusiform face area (FFA). For example, visual . Watch Kalanit describe our lab's discoveries on the neural mechanisms of the development of face perception. Results reveal a largely size-invariant neural representation in the inferior temporal lobe that could be involved in the recognition of facial identity, and a separate face-selective region in the superior temporal lobe That could be used to detect changeable aspects of faces. The present paper will review the mechanisms subserving face detection and face recognition, respectively, over development. In summary, our data clearly support face-specific holistic hypothesis by showing that face perception mechanisms extract both part and spacing information. Amorphous carbon has a wide range of properties that are primarily controlled by the different bond hybridisations possible in such materials. BibTeX @ARTICLE{Yovel06specializedface, author = {Galit Yovel and Brad Duchaine}, title = {Specialized face perception mechanisms extract both part and spacing information: evidence from developmental prosopagnosia}, journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, pages = {580--593}} Mechanisms of hemispheric lateralization: Asymmetric interhemispheric recruitment in the face perception network. Although high-level aspects of face perception have been studied extensively, less is known about the intermediate mechanisms involved in face processing. Unconscious mechanisms determining face preferences may explain why the reasons behind attraction are often difficult to articulate and demonstrate that detection alone cannot explain symmetry preferences. Face detection in humans is a complex process which we have come to depend on. In both areas microstimulation (red curves) causes a change in both choice and RT. To address this issue, we made a model of . Faces are among the most informative stimuli we ever perceive: Even a split-second glimpse of a person's face tells us his identity, sex, mood, age, race, and direction of attention. Figure 5: Subspaces and manifolds. Touch, Thermoception, and Noiception. Since the publication of “A Default Mode of Brain Function” (Raichle et al. Researchers have made considerable progress chronicling what infants perceive when viewing a face or a set of faces; however, less clear is the mechanism(s) underlying these . In order to receive information from the environment we are equipped with sense organs e.g. neural mechanisms underlying hemispheric lateralization of face processing Stefan Frässle1,2,3, Sören Krach4, Frieder Michel Paulus4 & Andreas Jansen2,5 While the right-hemispheric lateralization of the face perception network is well established, recent evidence suggests that handedness affects the cerebral lateralization of face processing at The specialness of face processing is acknowledged in the artificial vision community, where contests for face-recognition . Figure 8: Vibrotactile detection. An Figure 4: Adult and juvenile behaviors. The assembled collection contains articles by leading researchers in Canada, the USA, New Zealand and Europe and illustrates very clearly the methodological diversity, and technical and conceptual ingenuity, of current work in this ... Accumulated evidence from electrophysiology and neuroimaging suggests that face perception involves extrastriate visual mechanisms specialized in processing physiognomic features and building a perceptual . Or are faces handled by domain-general mechanisms that can operate on nonface visual stimuli as well? (a) Choice-reaction time (RT) version of the direction discrimination task. Face perception is fundamental to human social interaction. Figure 3: Comparison of the default mode network (DMN) in rat, monkey, and human. (a) Freely moving groups of four-week-old zebrafish show strong schooling behavior. As the mechanisms of interhemispheric integration in the face perception network were of particular interest in the present study, the model space was divided into four different families, grouping models with identical modulatory inputs on the interhemispheric connections (rows in Fig. The specialness of face processing is acknowledged in the artificial vision community, where contests for face-recognition algorithms abound. The zebrafish is an ideal vertebrate model to address this challenge, thanks to the capacity, at the larval stage, for precise behavioral measurements, ...Read More.

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