how much benzene is in gasoline

Benzene vs Gasoline . The most important thing is for victims to seek medical treatment as soon as possible. When the local or state health department or emergency personnel arrive, tell them what you did with your clothes. ∙ 2011-02-18 09:28:48. The seriousness of poisoning caused by benzene depends on the amount, route, and length of time of exposure, as well as the age and preexisting medical condition of the exposed person. When possible, limiting the time you spend near idling car engines can help lower your exposure to exhaust fumes, which contain benzene (as well as other potentially harmful chemicals). Benzene works by causing cells not to work correctly. Also, if you are sure the person has swallowed benzene, do not attempt CPR. Average benzene concentrations at 11 monitoring stations in Northern California were more than 50 percent less in Spring 1996 than in Spring 1995. It has a sweet odor and is highly flammable. Research. You can help reduce your risk of cancer by making healthy choices like eating right, staying active and not smoking. Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil and gasoline (and therefore motor vehicle exhaust), as well as cigarette smoke. Benzene exposure can be reduced by limiting contact with these sources . Calculate the weight of the gasoline. How to convert 1 US gallon of benzene to pounds. In the United States, benzene levels in gasoline range from 0.8 to 2% [3]. If you think you may have been exposed to benzene over a long period of time, speak to a doctor. Indoor air generally contains levels of benzene higher than those in outdoor air. Federal regulations limit exposure to benzene in the workplace (see below). ( exp (x)) E200. BZ means the concentration of benzene in the gasoline, as a percentage of the gasoline by volume. As quickly as possible, wash any benzene from your skin with large amounts of soap and water. Use common sense around any chemicals that might contain benzene. Long-term exposure to benzene mainly harms the bone marrow, the soft, inner parts of bones where new blood cells are made. Benzene is commonly found in air in both urban and rural areas, but the levels are usually very low. Accessed at http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0276_summary.pdf on October 15, 2015. A refinery’s or importer’s actual annual average gasoline benzene levels may not exceed a maximum average standard. Accessed at http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=5 October 15, 2015. Benzene is present in natural gas and petroleum products such as crude oil and gasoline. Help make it a reality. Do not put the contacts back in your eyes (even if they are not disposable contacts). 118 Average gas wellhead component count has been reported as consisting of 11 valves, 50 screwed connections, 1 flange, and 2 open-ended lines. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. If someone has swallowed benzene, do not try to make them vomit or give them fluids to drink. Several national and international agencies study substances in the environment to determine if they can cause cancer. The national benzene content of gasoline today is about 1.0 vol%. Learn more about Mobile Source Air Toxics program. Maintaining the clear and accessible style of the previous edition, this book outlines the essential statistical methodsfor survey design and analysis, while also exploring techniques that have developed over the past decade. If needed, the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) can provide more information or make an inspection. A low white blood cell count, which can lower the body’s ability to fight infections and might even be life-threatening. Skin exposure to benzene can result in redness and blisters. Until we do, we’ll be funding and conducting research, sharing expert information, supporting patients, and spreading the word about prevention. The Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSAT) rules reduce hazardous air pollutants, also known as air toxics, emitted by cars and trucks. In addition to the 0.62 vol% standard, refiners must also meet a maximum average benzene standard of 1.3 vol% beginning on July 1, 2012. Outdoor air contains low levels of benzene from tobacco smoke, gas stations, motor vehicle exhaust, and industrial emissions. As a result, reformate is the natural place to focus benzene reduction. In addition, several other rules currently in force will have the side . Tax ID Number: 13-1788491. 2. This latter method uses a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a valve system and two packed columns (OV-101 and TCEP) to analyze benzene and toluene in gasoline. If you are exposed at your workplace, talk to your employer about limiting your exposure through process changes (such as replacing the benzene with another solvent or enclosing the benzene source) or by using personal protective equipment. 2003. Please click here to see any active alerts. The highest exposures have typically been in the workplace, although these have decreased greatly over the last several decades due to federal and state regulations. Regulations in the US and Europe limit the benzene content in gasoline to . When calculating a reportable release, use the higher, more conservative, weight percent. The remainder of the product is composed of mono- and diolefins. The air around hazardous waste sites or gas stations can contain higher levels of benzene than in other areas. Occupational exposure to benzene. Benzene is formed from both natural processes and human activities. Found inside – Page 120How many cubic feet of oil are contained in a standard barrel of petroleum? 5. If you mixed 11.355 liters of benzene with 3.785 liters of gasoline, how many gallons would the blend contain? 6. Calculate the pressure at the bottom of a ... We want to calculate the mass in pounds from a volume in US gallons. A typical pyrolysis gasoline contains up to 65% aromatics, 50% of which is benzene. Accessed at www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=38&tid=14 on October 15, 2015. The regulations include a nationwide credit averaging, banking, and trading program. Official websites use .gov Benzene and its derivatives are added to gasoline to provide proper automobile engine performance. Accessed at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100F/mono100F-24.pdf on October 15, 2015. (The bone marrow is where new blood cells are made.) Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure of humans to benzene may cause drowsiness, dizziness, headaches, as well as eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation, and, at high levels . Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene in the air can cause leukemia, cancer of the blood-forming organs. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Copy. It evaporates quickly when exposed to air. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. E200 means the evaporative fraction of the gasoline at 93.3°C (200°F), as a percentage of the gasoline by volume. Exposures can be higher for people in enclosed spaces with unventilated fumes from gasoline, glues, solvents, paints, and art supplies. The American Cancer Society is a qualified 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization. Benzene causes harmful effects on the bone marrow and can cause a decrease in red blood cells, leading to anemia. People can also be exposed to benzene in contaminated drinking water and some foods (although the levels are usually very low). New Engl J Med. For the MSAT gasoline fuel program, beginning January 1, 2011, refiners must meet an annual average gasoline benzene content standard of 0.62 volume percent (vol%) for all of their gasoline, both reformulated and conventional, nationwide. OSHA limits exposure to benzene in the air in most workplaces to 1 ppm (part per million) during an average workday and a maximum of 5 ppm over any 15-minute period. In Europe and Japan, the benzene content of gaso- Benzene poisoning is treated with supportive medical care in a hospital setting. Some women who breathed high levels of benzene for many months had irregular menstrual periods and a decrease in the size of their ovaries. Cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke are important sources of exposure to benzene. Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires. The EPA classifies benzene as a known human carcinogen. This is equivalent to .91 ml/l. The American Cancer Society looks to these organizations to evaluate the risks based on evidence from laboratory, animal, and human research studies. The primary goal of this book is three fold : first, to introduce the reader to the basics of deterministic global optimization; second, to present important theoretical and algorithmic advances for several classes of mathematical prob lems ... First, if the benzene was released into the air, get fresh air by leaving the area where the benzene was released. Do not handle the plastic bags yourself. The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) considers any product containing 5% or more by weight of benzene to be hazardous, requiring special labeling. Our team is made up of doctors and oncology certified nurses with deep knowledge of cancer care as well as journalists, editors, and translators with extensive experience in medical writing. For example, the solubility of benzene is often given as 1780 mg/L. The major effect of benzene from long-term exposure is on the blood. If you think you may have been exposed to benzene, you should remove your clothing, rapidly wash your entire body with soap and water, and get medical care as quickly as possible. The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team. All so you can live longer — and better. These include the rubber industry, oil refineries, chemical plants, shoe manufacturers, and gasoline-related industries. Gasoline and cigarette smoke are two main sources of human exposure to benzene . Benzene, while not in the final product, is used in the manufacture of drugs, dyes, insecticides, plastics, resins, rubber, detergents, and other chemicals. At the American Cancer Society, we’re on a mission to free the world from cancer. After you have washed yourself, place your clothing inside a plastic bag. Approximately 30-35% of benzene produced worldwide is derived from pyrolysis gasoline. • Benzene vapor is 2.7 times as dense as air. (gasoline) and heating oils. Integrated Risk Information System: Benzene (CASRN 71-43-2). 1987;316:1044−1050. If you wear contacts, remove them after washing your hands and put them with the contaminated clothing. The NTP has classified benzene as “known to be a human carcinogen.”. EPA says the rule will cost an average of 0.27 cents per gal of gasoline, reflecting the average $14 million in capital investment needed at each refinery to reduce benzene levels in gasoline. Benzene can be measured in the blood or breath, and breakdown products of benzene can be measured in the urine. Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) decision to regulate benzene emissions through controls on automobile refuelling. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. If you think your water supply may have benzene in it, drink bottled water until you are sure your water supply is safe. However, the evidence is not as strong for these cancers. Benzene is formed from natural processes, such as volcanoes and forest fires, but most exposure to benzene results from human activities. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is formed from parts of several different US government agencies, including the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Benzene is among the 20 most widely used chemicals in the United States. Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke. Researchers use 2 main types of studies to try to determine if a substance causes cancer. Here is a comprehensive and up-to date compendium of the technology and management of MTBE contamination, exploring the myths which impede successful clean-up techniques, and offering effective solutions. These tests can only detect recent exposures to benzene. Cancer Information, Answers, and Hope. Some industries use benzene to make other chemicals that are used to make plastics, resins, and nylon and synthetic fibers. It is not known whether benzene exposure affects the developing fetus in pregnant women or fertility in men. If you wear eyeglasses, wash them with soap and water. For example, the benzene concentration in the test gasoline, 6140 mg L −1 (Table 1) or 0.96% by volume, reflects the current national average for gasoline production from US refineries, which is expected to fall from 1.05 vol.% in 2007 to 0.62 vol.% in 2015 (US EPA, 2010). Animal studies have shown low birth weights, delayed bone formation, and bone marrow damage when pregnant animals breathed benzene. People can be exposed to benzene in the environment from gasoline fumes, automobile exhaust, emissions from some factories, and waste water from certain industries. If you are near a release of benzene, emergency coordinators may tell you to either evacuate the area or to “shelter in place” inside a building to avoid being exposed to the chemical. However, the benzene from the reformer usually represents 50-80% of the total (Figure 1). We can even find you a free ride to treatment or a free place to stay when treatment is far from home. Available Every Minute of Every Day. If you are helping other people remove their clothing, try to avoid touching any contaminated areas, and remove the clothing as quickly as possible. Imagine a world free from cancer. Often neither type of study provides conclusive evidence on its own, so researchers usually look at both human and lab-based studies when trying to figure out if something causes cancer. These results support the finding of an excess risk of leukemia in humans. Accessed at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/benzene.pdf on October 15, 2015. Some industries use benzene to make other chemicals that are used to make plastics, resins, and nylon and synthetic fibers. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. The vomit could be sucked into their lungs and damage their lungs. benzene concentration of the stream, and (4) the number of wells. Any clothing that has to be pulled over the head should be cut off the body instead of pulled over the head. High levels of exposure can cause both short-term and long-term health effects. Moving to an area with fresh air is a good way to reduce the possibility of death from exposure to benzene in the air. Whether you or someone you love has cancer, knowing what to expect can help you cope. 2013. There is much less evidence linking benzene to any other type of cancer. Limit or avoid exposure to fumes from solvents, paints, and art supplies, especially in unventilated spaces. ToxFAQs for Benzene. If you are person who smokes, try to quit. Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke. Benzene and leukemia: An epidemiological risk assessment. Boiling point: 80.1 o C. Melting point: 5.5 o C. Density: 0.8765 g cm-3 exposure f or workers, but it also has far greater influence in decreasing the environmental. Anemia (a low red blood cell count), which can cause a person to feel weak and tired. You can put your eyeglasses back on after you wash them. Direct exposure of the eyes, skin, or lungs to benzene can cause tissue injury and irritation. Molecular weight: 78 g mole-1. American Cancer Society medical information is copyrighted material. Cancer.org is provided courtesy of the Leo and Gloria Rosen family. We have the density table at the bottom of this web page that shows us the densities values in . Cigarette smoke accounts for about half of the exposure to benzene in the United States. Federal Register. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is part of the World Health Organization (WHO).

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