axle load equivalency factors for rigid pavements

1. . stream ESAL factors used in RMS were derived through a composite of data obtained from AASHTO Change for each: Pavement Type Thickness Terminal Serviceability. It is Equivalent Axle Load Factor. SPS-2: Strategic Study of Structural Factors for Rigid Pavements Rigid Pavement ESAL Equation. The pavement tested was instrumented with strain gauges and earth pressure gauges to measure the strain of the concrete pavement and the response (earth pressure) of the subgrade. &��P�JBimf �-��9�6�Ҧ : � ��� 2. Copyright 2011 Gale, Cengage Learning. . The equivalent axle load factors are the basis for determin-ing the design traffic and, as a consequence, for designing of road pavements. 18-kip equivalent single axle loads (ESALs). AU - Lin, Ping Sien. endstream The reference axle load is an 18,000-lb. Wheel Load Influence on Pavements Wheel load on pavement is an important factor to determine the pavement thickness to be adopted. The recorded rut depths are analyzed to derive relationships for the asphalt mixture used during the AASHO Road Test. D-3 Appendix D Table D.1, Axle load equivalency factors for flexible pavements, single axles and Pt The equivalency factors for trucks of each type having 8,000-pound However, the pavement response to different axle configurations, load durations and spacing is different. For rigid pavements, this ratio increases to approximately 6,200 cars for one truck. This means that the axle factors and consequently the number of equivalent axle loads change along a highway corridor . greater. Load Equivalency Factor listed as LEF. uuid:6fc861f3-ed76-4fba-9d07-b3ec10ce07d3 Determiantion of axle load equivalency factors on the basis of fatigue criteria for flexible and semi-rigid pavements. ESAL factor in rigid pavement design 53. A compilation of available state ESAL factors suggests that the wear and tear of one average five-axle truck on flexible pavement equates to approximately 4,000 cars. 5. 8000 kg (18 kip) Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs) can be estimated for the design period, . hޜ��j1 �Wѱ���+̈́�9���ښB��BӾ��$�;����O�͌��*��j! The role of the pavement engineer is to provide an adequate thickness of pavement to carry the expected loads without deterioration of the network during the design life. endstream endobj 9422 0 obj <>stream The wheel load is acts at particular point on pavement and cause deformations. True or False: Contraction joints are a critical component to the design of rigid pavements. single axle load will cause about 16 times the damage as an 18,000 lb. Equivalency factors are a function of pavement type and thickness, among other factors. 180 0 obj 1. . Answer to D-13 Appendix D Axle Load Equivalency Factors for. For example, a 36,000 lb. 9419 0 obj <>stream The conversion of traffic to the ESAL is accomplished with the use of axle load equivalency factors. Rigid ESALs: Average 18 Kip Equivalent Single Axle Loads by vehicle type, for rigid (concrete) pavements. and el8 is the 18-km equivalency for an 18-km single axle load on a flexible pavement . . Rigid ESAL Growth: Percentage change in ESAL factors per year for each vehicle type . h޲410Q0P�410U0��f 3. The existing axle load equivalency factors depend on, among other variables, pavement type and thickness. Axle Load (tonnes) 5.14 6.00 3.20 EALs Equivalency (ESALs) 2.45 NOTES: Equivalent axle loads for cars and tandem axle groups from 1993 AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structure (SN=5, p t = 2.0) Axle factors are provided for each axle type, axle load (2 ton increments), and pavement structural number (SN). The equivalent load most commonly used in pavement design in the U.S. is the 18,000 lb (80 kN) equivalent single axle load (ESAL). Mazda Equivalency Factor 1 1 . 11, nr 1/2010, s.187-202. These values were determined for terminal levels of serviceability of 2, 2.5 �+�BFU�U�(��6�(]kD�Y�SD�1d��0�0�0_F����s�a���1�,ҙGX˱1��!%��>F�Z��_3�%�Hac Q�����n�h�F��E"Uc�ơ��R����5�9��a�bm\li�{d�g�A���&5�F96Ɵ�[$�MrL��OU���[d��]�&�)���id�4���Khq�RjL;q.��w�1ͱ���s�����4ʦ�$�TYu� 9�+�lE�c�D�kDIJM����"�ڡfҴ�VT5�8�deH�9Vs��嘧��$�j��9F9�fIu�0�1ͱ�cS�p?vD�T��,�7R�t������c�o �y�U AU - Huang, Tien Kuen. Appendix D D-7 Table D.5. Finally, Full scale slab testing to study joint/crack deterioration in plain concrete pavements was These criteria were used to derive the formulas to calculate equivalent axle load factors. rigid pavement ESAL counts. endstream endobj 9421 0 obj <>stream 4.The LEFs for both flexible and rigid pavements do not Based upon the expected traffic for each vehicle type over the design period, the total number of design ESALs can be calculated. The equivalent axle load factors differ in relation to pavement structure and depend on bending strength or limit strains of cement treated base and on configuration of semi-rigid pavement . The load equivalency method is widely used to consider the effect of traffic loading on pavement design, and the equivalent axle load factor (EALF) for paved roads has been studied often. 66�.��%� The equation outputs are load equivalency factors (LEFs) or ESAL factors. Google Scholar This means that the axle factors and consequently the number of equivalent axle loads change along a highway corridor as the construction of the pavement changes, even . lalu-lintas tahunan, vehicle damage factor, equivalent single axle load The axle-load equivalency factor is ____. %���� Overestimating equivalent single axle loads (ESALs) will cause unnecessary expenditures in over-designed pavements that can divert funding from other . Y1 - 1996. �Ʀ Avv@!G�`��Ĝ�T}'_}�����}gGC=}� ����T ��`����&gU��T��V���$���''����a:D�t����� ��D� application/pdf To determine the total daily damage to the pavement, the equivalency factor for each truck type is multiplied by the daily traffic for that truck type, and the results are summed. AASHTO_EALF.xls An Excel Tool developed by Dr. Bayomy for the AASHTO Equivalent Axle Load Factors for Flexible and Rigid pavements. h޲465W0P����+�-�6P�41� AASHTO Axle Load Equivalency Factors . (ESALs) - ESALs is the estimate of number of Equivalent 18 kip Single Axle Loads (ESALs) during the analysis period is required. Load Equivalence Factor (LEF) The Ratio of the Effect (Damage) of a Specific Axle Load on Pavement Serviceability to the Effect Produced by an 18-kip Axle Load at the AASHO Road Test. By providing adequate thickness, the load coming from wheels doesn't affect the subgrade soil. 8,000-pound axle load limit: Equivalency factors represent the number of ESAL applications per vehicle. These expressions were then used to develop so-called "load equivalency factors" which were used to quantify the effects of different axle configurations and loads in terms of an equivalent number of passes of a particular axle configuration and load. This tool calculates the total number of ESALs that have or will traverse a pavement for the purposes of pavement analysis or design. Document available from: . When designing pavement thickness for flexible and rigid pavements, the following considerations should be used. The cumulative pavement damage effects of all highway vehicles are usually quantified using axle load equivalency factors. 10) Equivalent Axle Load Factor (EALF) Defines the damage per pass to a pavement by an axle relative to the damage per pass of a standard axle Exact EALF can be worked out only by using distress models Approximate EALF can be worked out using the fourth power rule Standard Axle Load Single axle : 8160kg Tandamaxle : 14968kg The LEF can then be Summing the different ESAL values for each axle combination on a vehicle provides a vehicle's Load Equivalency Factor (LEF). �� ����������s~i^����wfJq4X��BP�~HeA�~@bzj��UF Us���R� Journal of Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. )�I� iF��&⽿vʄ�Z�m)�$wzB�͟�Іkim�����),GaY��d7M#��ʴs���M&�2! AASHTO_Rigid.xls An Excel Tool developed by the FHWA Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program to supplement the AASHTO pavement rigid design system. established a method to convert different axle loads and configurations to ESALs. A rigid pavement with a slab thickness of 10 inches is loaded with a 50,000 pound tandem axle. On the over hand, the estimated factor from the 4th power rule, independent of pavement structure and terminal serviceability, would be en = e~*~28/! The equivalency factors depend on the slab thickness and bending strength of cement concrete and other pavement parameters. The exact VDF values are arrived after extensive field surveys. This is referred to as a "truck factor," which is the average number of equivalent single-axle load (ESAL) applications per vehicle. N2 - This paper describes results of a full-scale load test program that was carried out on one section of rigid pavements of a newly constructed freeway in Taiwan. PERENCANAAN RIGID PAVEMENT DENGAN METODE AASHTO 1993 A. Umum Perencanaan mengacu pada AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) guide for design of pavement structures 1993 (se lanjutnya disebut AASHTO 1993). The existing axle load equivalency factors depend on, among other variables, pavement type and thickness. Equivalency factors are provided in the AASHTO Guide. b = equivalent radius of resisting section, cm when 'a' is less than 1.724h a = radius of wheel load . %PDF-1.6 %���� ESAL is a concept developed from data collected at the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) Road Test to establish a damage relationship for comparing the effects of axles carrying different loads. What is the LEF for a 12-kip single axle load applied to a pavement with SN = 5 if p t = 2.5? 4. Truck counts can be broken down into two truck type categories. . Vehicle distribution . Equivalent Single Axle Load Factors . They are grouped into interstate and non-interstate factors. usually quantified using axle load equivalency factors. also equivalent axle load factor), where an axle load is said to be equivalent (producing equal pavement wear) to a . 10) )+4.33log L 2x + G t / B x - G t / B Rigid Pavement Log(W tx /W t) = 4.62log(L 1 + L 2) - 4.62log(L 1x + L 2x)+3.28log L 2x + G t / B x - G t / B Where: W t /W tx = The ratio of the number of Standard EAL's (usually 18 k Axle Loads) per subject Axle Load that it takes to do equivalent pavement damage . magnitude and frequency of axle loads, for both rigid and flexible pavements of conventional design." The AASHO Road Test showed that the damaging effect of the passage of an axle of any mass - load - can be represented by a number of 18,000 pound equivalent single axle loads or ESALs. Load equivalency factor (abbreviated further as LEF) express the ratio of vehicle number to the number of 100kN equivalent standard axle. Introduction. The measured data were used to study the equivalent single-axle load factor (ESLF) for various single-axle and dual-axle vehicles. Nitro Reader 3 (3. In the analysis load equivalency factors were calculated for each vehicle separately. 6.2.2 Conversion of Axle Loads - For design purpose, different vehicle (axle) loads need to be converted into axle loads of a common (standard) type - Standard axle load: - The number of passes of any given axle load can be converted into the number of passes of the standard axle load based on the concept Load Equivalent Factor (LEF): for all roadway loads, which allows for a comparison axle loads among vehicles of different types. 4. For these equivalency factors refer IRC:37 2001. ESAL is the acronym for equivalent single axle load. Looking for abbreviations of EALF? endstream endobj 9420 0 obj <>stream AASHTO Axle Load Equivalency Factors Flexible Pavement Log(Wtx/Wt) = 4.79log(L1+ L2) - 4.79log(L1x+ L2x)+4.33log L2x + Gt/ Bx - Gt/ B Rigid Pavement contributed by each axle are added to find the equivalency factor for that vehicle. 611.1 Pavement Type Selection . The cumulative pavement damage effects of all highway vehicles are usually quantified using axle load equivalency factors. It should be noted that ESALs as calculated by the ESAL equations are dependent upon the pavement type (flexible or rigid) and the pavement structure (structural number . Equivalent axle load factors for design of rigid pavements derived from fatigue . h޲46�T0P�463P0� �F A three‐dimensional finite element model was utilized to simulate the AASHO Road Test pavement sections and to develop LEF formulae for various pavement sections under . "/�4X6��;'�I�įX�cv���ǂ؇��YK�L��b�=����s��S�a1�!q�Sg����o���l밂�空g���q��R�z�립5�?�S���?4��=A���`�,��ϋ�����|yb�j^p>����ŧ�-2TT�䲎G�"�N���yT�fY6�85��ˤ��ͲQU�ٴ[X4�y�夜�٪I�����c�QB4]|�u�ݧK��˺� ��� AU - Juang, C. H. PY - 1996. Pavement Des. Topic 611 - Factors In Selecting Pavement Type . Feedback | Since axle load data are not . ��� The ESAL contribution for a particular axle load and configuration depends mainly on the pavement type (flexible or rigid). mechanistic load response models for rigid pavements, and resulted in a stand-alone In the analysis load equivalency factors were calculated for each vehicle separately. For help on the use of this Excel tool, you can download its . Hajek and Agarwal (1990) highlighted the factors to be considered in calculating the load equivalency factors for various axle configurations and developed those factors using the strain criteria. Several types of vehicles were used to load the pavements: • 5-axle tractor semi-trailer truck • 6-axle tractor semi-trailer truck (tridem on trailer) . Legal axle load: The maximum allowed axle load on the roads is called legal axle load. The load equivalency factor Judycki, J.: Determination of equivalent Axle load factors on the basis of fatigue criteria for flexible and semi-rigid pavements. FACTORS AFFECTING OF RIGID PAVEMENT. Equivalent Axle Load Factor listed as EALF. 3.The equivalent axle loads of tandem and tridem axles to an 18-kip axle load are summarized in Table 1. The conversion of traffic to the ESAL is accomplished with the use of axle load equivalency factors. h�2�0V0P�617RA Axle Spacing and Load Equivalency Factors . The existing axle load equivalency factors depend on, among other variables, pavement type and thickness. mechanistic-empirical results suggest that the AASHTO Load Equivalency Factors (LEF) for large axle groups may be unconservative. 5. ), which means that the trailing two axles should be considered as a single axle. 202.1.1 B:C Ratios. axle applications inverse of equivalency factors (where W 18 = number of 18,000 lb (80 kN) single axle loads) L x. Tandem axle (34,000 lbs)=1.11 ESALs As you can see from the examples, the # of ESALs depends on how the load is distributed. Privacy policy | The formulas for calculating the equivalent axle load factors for flexible pavements resemble the well known "fourth power equation", except that the exponent n ranges from 3.3 to 5.0 in relation to the fatigue criteria used. �Z��r�pi�&m` Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) tables are used to calculate pavement loadings (rigid and flexible types) to produce a common parameter for design and planning purposes. 2014-05-06T07:40:31Z As a rule-of-thumb, the load equivalency of a particular load (and also the pavement damage imparted by a particular load) is roughly related to the load by a power of four (for reasonably strong pavement surfaces). 11(2010), 187-202 (2010). The procedure of analysis and determination of load equivalency factors is presented in the figure 1. Since the VDF values in AASHO road test for flexible and rigid pavements are not much different, for Equivalent Single Axle Load Factors . This leaves the second axle as a single axle even though it is within the distance to be a tandem EXAMPLES axle . AASHTO Axle Load Equivalency Factors Flexible Pavement Log(W tx /W t) = 4.79log(L 1 + L 2) - 4.79log(L 1x + L 2x)+4.33log L 2x + G t / B x - G t / B Rigid Pavement Log(W tx /W t) = 4.62log(L 1 + L 2) - 4.62log(L 1x + L 2x)+3.28log L 2x + G t / B x - G t / B Where: W t /W tx = The ratio of the number of Standard EAL's (usually 18 k Axle . Life-cycle cost analysis discussed in Topic 619 is a . rehabilitation of rigid pavements on State highway facilities. Pavement Life (Rigid) 4 . different level of transfer of load from one side of pavement joint to the other. ,!a�n�nh�lh�����8�AF���!ZM k0 �tF� <> For webmasters |, COPYRIGHT 2011 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. rigid pavements for various axle loads of single, tandem and triple axles. <. These factors are developed from the 10 Weigh In Motion (WIM) sites throughout the state. The design wheel load is first decided on relevant axle load studies and analysis. - factor of increasing traffic load due to the growth of traffic in a given period. The magnitude of the axle load and the number of load repetitions are major factors in the performance of a flexible pavement structure. VDOT's current pavement design procedure subdivides truck traffic into two categories, i.e., single-unit trucks and combination trucks, and was based on studies performed in the early 1990s. . Load Equivalency Factor - How is Load Equivalency Factor abbreviated? Axle load equivalency factors for flexible pavements, tandem axles and Ptof Axle Pavement Structural Number (SN) Load (kips) 1 2 3 4 ~5 6 8~4 = ~ *5.86 = 5.86 where en is the ~ 8-km equivalency for a 28-kin single axle load on a flexible pavement. Legal axle load: The maximum allowed axle load on the roads is called legal axle load. At first glance, this equation looks quite complex - it is. The most frequently used formula to calculate equivalent axle load factor has the following ex-ponential . design variables. The concept of single axle load equivalency factor (LEF) was reviewed and an in‐depth study was focused on the idea of equivalent single axle load (ESAL) developed by AASHO. The AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures (1993) uses standard axle load of 80.1 kN (18-kip) and presents a set of tables which define the equivalent axle load factors for rigid pavements in relation to actual axle load, axle configuration, concrete slab thickness and terminal value of [p.sub.t]--Present Serviceability Index. 179 0 obj h��[ms۶�����o@t:�+;q�:ɍ��9�'CK��FU�J����,@J���v�; Description. It was found that formulas derived for rigid pavements are much more complex than the well known "fourth power equation". The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Equivalent+axle+load+factors+for+design+of+rigid+pavements+derived...-a0286254297. Copyright © 2021 Farlex, Inc. | This means that the axle factors and consequently the number of equivalent axle loads change along a highway corridor as the construction of the pavement changes, even when the traffic . It is Load Equivalency Factor. If the vehicle contains dual wheels . View Test Prep - Handout_Lec 3_LEF table from CIV ENG C290U at University of California, Berkeley. UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY DEPT. Load equivalency factors are derived from the rutting data clearly showing that the AASHTO rigid pavement load equivalency factors more closely indicate the development of rutting under different axle weights and configurations. The AASHTO 86 (1) equations indicate that load equivalency factors increase approximately with the fourth power of axle load. The study design stipulates a traffic loading level in the study lane in excess of 100,000 Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs) per year. %PDF-1.4 For highways the maximum legal axle load in India, specified by IRC, is 10 tonnes. AASHTO equivalency factors [8] for rigid pavements depend on pavement rigidity, load characteristics and the terminal level of serviceability selected . ��� _� A realistic assessment of distribution of commercial traffic by direction . Where: W. =. This factor relates various axle load combinations to the standard 80 kN (18,000 lbs) single axle load. For example, a 34,000 pound tandem axle produces approximately 1.9 ESALs for rigid pavement (1.1 for flexible pavement). CivilWeb Equivalent Single Wheel Load Calculation Spreadsheet . Example of Axle Load Data for Pavement Design 52. 2014-05-06T07:40:31Z The estimated or projected magnitude and occurrence of the various traffic loading are converted to the total number of passes of equivalent standard axle loading ( ESAL . Load equivalency factor (abbreviated further as LEF) express the ratio of vehicle number to the number of 100 kN equivalent standard axle. The equivalency factors given for the various axle loads for the design of rigid pavements differ slightly from those given in the "AASHO Recommended Guide for the Design of Flexible Pavement Structures lJuly 25, 1961)." Consequently, the summation of EWL's or average Flexible Pavement Designs 1993 Flexible Design Equation log(W18)=Z ∗ +9.36 ∗log(SN+1)−0.20+ log[∆ 4.2−1.5] 0.40+ 1094 ( +1)5.19 +2.32∗log( )−8.07 W 18 = predicted number of 18-kip equivalent single axle load applications Z R ^���K8�*�Q"u��4��Hl�( �Hdl$�T!�F�I�Pi"�&I�蕠�Z��G���R騍��Ѩ�"J�Cwͣ4�T"#'5F�I�E/�"�S�5e2&r�„�#�b@��oc#��C�v�aP�"g�$�K���"G]-VɝŰ9j�j��(�q�Hb�����X���#g8� ��ԃ�,Mm��4�@rI}A��R�(�tD搉�H�6���r}�=�ϖ�a9���^�*��|���Go�aQ-�ˬ��~���*uY�m�&?gM�%���E���G�w��y�s����>��ry"! 775.5 kN +1574.5 kN, each axle, hence the factor of equivalence is: F e=Σf i f e =2.44 * 10-8 * L 1 4, where: f e - equivalence factor for the single axle, L 1 . Incorrect evaluation of the damage from axle loads on pavements can lead to costly early failure. A tandem axle with 24,000 lbs has a l\൯wer ESAL factor than a single 18,000 lb load because the larger load is distributed over 2 \⠀琀愀渀搀攀洀尩 axles. Equivalency factors are a function of pavement type and thickness, among other factors. h�2�0R0P�615RA� �" On the other hand, the design of rigid pavement is by plate theory and hence the wheel load on both sides of axle need to be considered. 202.1.1 B:C Ratios AASHTO Load Equivalency Factors for Rigid Pavements Based on Terminal Serviceability Index of 2.5 for Tandem Axles and p t of 2.5 54. ����2�{j��K��Ao�3X� �\v�-~�i�h�H{���;W�r����B:+dP��;yU,?3Ojӛ-PV��yU2��%�/�. endstream endobj 9424 0 obj <>stream =. Terms of use | Nitro Reader 3 (3. axle load being evaluated (kips) Engineering; Civil Engineering; Civil Engineering questions and answers; D-13 Appendix D Axle Load Equivalency Factors for Rigid Pavements, Tandem Axles and p, of 2.0 Table D.11. For rigid pavements, the increased damage is in the range of 56 to 65, 45 to 53, and 31 to 37 percent for a PCC sur-face layer of 6, 8, and 12 inches, respectively. For highways the maximum legal axle load in India, specified by IRC, is 10 tonnes. Load equivalency factors Pavement Strain No restrictions. 18 12 4,857,763 0.189 25,666,939 the last axle spac- in Table 1 by axle spacing for flexible and rigid pavements. The factors which affect the design and performance of rigid pavement or CC pavements are listed below: . 5. The procedure of analysis and determination of load equivalency factors is presented in the figure 1. Equivalency factors are provided in the AASHTO Guide. 6. endstream endobj 9423 0 obj <>stream T1 - Equivalent single-axle load factor for rigid pavements. The equivalent axle load factors differ in relation to pavement structure and depend on bending strength or limit strains of cement treated base and on configuration of semi-rigid pavement . 2014-05-06T07:40:22Z uses standard axle load of 80.1 kN (18-kip) and presents a set of tables which define the equivalent axle load factors for rigid pavements in relation to actual axle load, axle . endstream endobj 9425 0 obj <>stream )֤Ѐ-T����I�O ��'�Ph�!���� ѡ��8 �$! This is referred to as a truck factor, which is the average number of equivalent single-axle load (ESAL) applications per vehicle. EALF - Equivalent Axle Load Factor. The axle load equivalency factors are used to convert different axle load repetitions into equivalent standard axle load repetitions. Standard axle load: It is a single axle . Flexible pavement ESALs will be lower than rigid . 1993 are to be used for the design of both flexible and rigid pavements. VDOT's current pavement design procedure subdivides truck traffic into two categories, i.e., single-unit trucks and combination trucks, and was based on studies performed in the early 1990s. Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) tables are used to calculate pavement loadings (rigid and flexible types) to produce a common parameter for design and planning purposes. equivalency factors for single, tandem and tridem axles given below should be used for converting different axle load repetitions into equivalent standard axle load repetitions. ;ւ��������u��?C����m{�=o?_�o���@�� �v;��N_�}�qua��ի�݇���s�O���ݧ�_ AU - Wu, Yuan Ting. Standard axle load: It is a single axle load with dual wheel carrying 80 KN load and the design of pavement is based on the standard axle load. equivalent axle load factor, fatigue criteria, rigid pavements, pavement analysis. endobj ing equals 1.0 m (40 in. . Designed traffic load of heavy vehicles exclusively (amps) contains weights of 2350 kN ie. Road Materi. single axle with dual tires. single axle load. True or False: The subbase layer is only found in rigid pavement structures. The formulas for semi-rigid pavements are much more complex. 12 Six-Axle Multi-Trailer Trucks 1.06 11 Five or Less Axle Multi-Trailer Trucks 0.82 10 Six or More Axle Single Trailer Trucks 0.93 9 Five-Axle Single Trailer Trucks 1.20 8 Four or Less Axle Single Trailer Trucks 0.30 7 Four or More Axle Single Unit Trucks 0.42 6 Three-Axle Single Unit Trucks 0.42 5 Two-Axle, Six-Tire, Single Unit Trucks 0.26 4 . ESAL factors used in RMS were derived through a composite of data obtained from AASHTO Once the equivalent single wheel load and the number of load repetitions is known, the required pavement thickness can now be determined using the BPA heavy duty concrete pavement method.Alternative methods of analysis including Westergaard analysis methods also use an equivalent single wheel load as the basis of their calculations. Determining load equivalency factors (LEFs) is critical in pavement design and rehabilitation. All rights reserved. For example, the load equivalency on rigid pavement fur a 12-kip luau is 0.19, wht:rt:as fur a 20-kip axle it is 1.51 (Figure ld). equivalent 18,000 lb (80 kN) single axle load (ESAL). Thus the 20-kip load is 8 times as damaging

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