latitudinal diversity gradient definition

Nevertheless, ectothermic and endothermic animals differ in many other traits (Buckley et al., 2012), and therefore, their differences in latitudinal changes of biotic interactions may reflect not only their thermoregulation strategy but also other aspects of their interactions with the abiotic environment. Introduction. Jetz and Rahbek 2001, Koleff and Gaston 2001, Lees and Colwell, 2007, Romdal et al. The analysis of and accounting for publication and confirmation biases, which are widespread in ecological research (Holman et al., The approximate positions of the midpoints of the latitudinal gradients and contrasts between sites from different latitudes in herbivory, carnivory and parasitism (a) and strength of latitudinal changes in the intensity of these interactions (b). They include differences in sampling design, such as the use of gradients or contrasts between latitudes (Anstett et al., 2016), the use of gradients located between and within climate zones or biomes (Dyer & Forister, 2019; Marquis et al., 2012), the origin of data from different hemispheres (Scholer et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2016) and the assessment of interactions in individual systems or at the level of entire communities (Anstett et al., 2016; Zvereva et al., 2020a), as well as the assessment of interactions using standardised or natural prey (Chen & Moles, 2018; McKinnon et al., 2010). Macro-scale bird species richness patterns of the east Asian mainland and islands: Energy, area and isolation. Meta-analysis is a perfect tool for tackling this challenge with the existing data and for comparing the basic characteristics of these global gradients because it can provide a synthesis of the outcomes of the wealth of studies. For herbivory combined with carnivory, the difference between all gradients located within a single climate zone and all gradients spreading to more than one zone was not significant (QB = 0.41, df = 1, p = 0.52). Tropical areas play prominent roles in the understanding of the distribution of biodiversity, as their rates of habitat degradation and biodiversity loss are exceptionally high. 2003b; Orme . These correlations were not significant for gradients located within tropical and temperate zones but they were significant for the gradients that ran through both the tropical and temperate zones (Figure 5). It is also often cast in relation to latitude. Ecological theories for the origin of biodiversity gradients, such as competitive exclusion, neutral dynamics, and environmental filtering, make predictions for how functional diversity should vary at the alpha (within local assemblages), beta (among assemblages), and gamma (regional pool) scales. The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most widely studied patterns in ecology, yet no consensus has been reached about its underlying causes. The strong association between the intensity of biotic interactions and latitude in the polar region may be driven by an increasingly sharp poleward decrease in the temperatures that are suitable for the activity of animals, and this decrease then constrains ectotherms much more than endotherms (Buckley et al., 2012). The larger part of the data on latitudinal changes in terrestrial biodiversity was directly extracted from the published databases (Hillebrand, 2004; Kinlock et al., 2018), resulting in 166 effect sizes (ES, hereafter) for taxonomic groups involving herbivorous, carnivorous and omnivorous animals. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity are generally understood to be increases in the number of species from high (cold-temperate) to low (warm) latitudes (Rohde, 2011). The discovered differences between the gradients in biotic interactions and biodiversity suggest that these two global macroecological patterns are likely shaped by different factors. (2006) and Wright et al. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future as a primary result of deforestation. of Species Diversity The latitudinal gradient in species diversity is one of the most striking patterns in the distribution of organisms on the planet. Stable and efficient multiple smoothing parameter estimation for generalized additive models. 2003. The commonness of rarity: Global and future distribution of rarity across land plants. H.L. ; Echternacht, L.; Fernandes, G.W. Confirmation bias is difficult to overcome due to its unconscious nature (Zvereva & Kozlov, 2021a), and this bias will likely lead to an overestimation of the strength of latitudinal changes in biotic interactions as long as LBIH is accepted by the majority of scientists. Within continents, all gradients were classified as located entirely within a single climate zone, as running across two adjacent climate zones, or as global and passing through all three climate zones (tropical, temperate and polar). Luo, Z.; Tang, S.; Li, C.; Chen, J.; Fang, H.; Jiang, Z. There have been multiple hypotheses proposed for explaining the EDG, none of which accurately describe the phenomenon in full. Evolution , 74, 1966-1987. ; Raven, P.H. ; Rahbek, C.; Huang, S. Unifying latitudinal gradients in range size and richness across marine and terrestrial systems. The LBIH has recently become a subject of heated debate due to the highly variable outcomes of published studies, and it was even called ‘a zombie idea’ (Moles & Ollerton, 2016). 2003, Rahbek et al. It has also been considered the outcome of evolutionary processes that vary over geographical space. When we classified ES into five groups, three of which reflect latitudinal differences within a single climate zone and two of which include the border between the two adjacent zones, the correlations between the intensity of herbivory plus carnivory and latitude significantly varied among these groups of ES (Figure 5; QB = 15.1, df = 4, p = 0.005). ; Gittleman, J.L. It is important to note that many of these hypotheses are similar to and dependent on one another. 2006 Evolutionary and ecological causes of the latitudinal diversity gradient in hylid frogs: treefrog trees unearth the roots of high tropical diversity. The main purpose of this study is to explore the distribution patterns of species range size and richness along latitudinal gradient. [11] Faster rates of microevolution in warm climates (i.e. Finally, we classified all publications into those aimed and not aimed at testing the LBIH. Similar findings were also reported in other researches [, Many studies show that the latitudinal pattern of species range size generated by mid-point method is unimodal [, What causes the Rapoport effect in species range size? The latter phenomenon is known as HARKing—Hypothesising After the Results are Known (Kerr, 1998). ; Akçakaya, H.R. The fundamental macroecological question that the latitudinal diversity gradient depends on is "What causes patterns in species richness?". The importance of temperature as a primary driver of latitudinal gradients in biotic interactions, demonstrated in a number of studies (Kozlov et al., 2015; Peco et al., 2014; Romero et al., 2018), is indirectly supported by the absence of a latitudinal decrease in herbivory and carnivory involving endothermic animals. The latter included both non-hypothesis-driven studies and studies testing some other hypotheses. Huang, J.; Huang, J.; Liu, C.; Zhang, J.; Lu, X.; Ma, K. Diversity hotspots and conservation gaps for the Chinese endemic seed flora. Biodivers. (2018) found differences in the strength of the diversity gradient between endothermic and ectothermic animals. Some more synthetic hypotheses have been advanced, including the Evolutionary Time Hypothesis and . Any theory usually goes through three stages of development: the prevalence of supportive evidence in early tests of the newly formulated hypothesis, the accumulation of disconfirming evidence and, finally, a reformulation of the original hypothesis, leading to restriction of its scope (Leimu & Koricheva, 2004). The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is widely attributed to be the result of factors such as time, area, and energy. Our conclusions about the overall significance of the latitudinal gradient in biotic interactions may be influenced by an uneven presentation of latitudinal studies among different groups of animals. ; Araújo, M.B. By contrast, the strength of the biodiversity gradient did not show any latitudinal changes (Figure 6). The lack of a decrease in the parasitism rate at high latitudes may be explained by the fact that parasites live within or on their host bodies, where they obtain full or partial protection from unfavourable environmental conditions (Hawkins, 1994). Here we review two major hypotheses for the origin of the latitudinal diversity gradient. Stein, A.; Gerstner, K.; Kreft, H. Environmental heterogeneity as a universal driver of species richness across taxa, biomes and spatial scales. For explanations, refer Figure, The strength of latitudinal changes in the intensity of herbivory and carnivory (combined) in different hemispheres. (2015) based on predation on standardised seeds. Location: North America. The existence of the Rapoport effect was tested according to the slope of the fitted linear model. Here, we use Whittaker's definition of species diversity (SppD) to express species richness as a logarithmic function of sampling area (Whittaker 1970).Where, S is the number of tree species in all inventory plots of a latitudinal band and A is the total sampled area. ; Elith, J.; Keith, D.A. Eastern Pacific molluscan provinces and latitudinal diversity gradient: No evidence for “Rapoport’s rule”. Testing and adjusting for publication bias, Latitudinal variation in seed predation correlates with latitudinal variation in seed defensive and nutritional traits in a widespread oak species, Publication bias and the canonization of false facts, A continent-wide study reveals clear relationships between regional abiotic conditions and post-dispersal seed predation, Global patterns in post-dispersal seed removal by invertebrates and vertebrates, Response of insect parasitism to elevation depends on host and parasitoid life-history strategies, Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: a review of concepts, Global patterns in the impact of marine herbivores on benthic primary producers, Latitudinal gradients in species diversity – the search for the primary cause, A new map of geographical belts and natural zones of the Earth, Global predation pressure redistribution under future climate change, MetaWin: statistical software for meta-analysis, version 2.0, The file-drawer problem and tolerance for null results, Higher predation risk for insect prey at low latitudes and elevations. (2018). one property of a community or ecosystem: Term. Third, moderate ecological scale disturbances prevent interspecific competition. An extensive meta-analysis of nearly 600 latitudinal gradients from published literature tested the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient across different organismal, habitat and regional characteristics. This negative feedback allows the tree species to coexist, and can be classified as a stabilizing mechanism. Pattern and processes in macroecology. Moreover, this test further revealed a negative association of predation intensity and species richness, thus contrasting the idea that strong predation near the equator drives or maintains high diversity. When defined as such, phylogenetic niche conservatism is therefore nearly synonymous with phylogenetic signal. You seem to have javascript disabled. This difference can be explained by the latitudinal changes in local adaptations of native plant/prey, for example in anti-herbivore defences in plant seeds (Chen et al., 2017; Moreira et al., 2020) and in the behavioural and life history anti-predator adaptations in birds (Díaz et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2020), whereas standardised models did not participate in evolution (Freeman et al., 2020). Birds represent an excellent model group to test these ideas, as they have a well-documented latitudinal diversity gradient, with most species occurring in the wet tropics, and numerous ecological and historical mechanisms have been proposed to explain their richness gradient (Rahbek & Graves 2001; Jetz & Rahbek 2002; Hawkins et al. China; endemic woody seed plants; geographic diversity; Rapoport’s rule; species range size; species richness, Diversity and Geographical Distribution of Endemic Seed Plants in China, Areografía: Estrategias Geográficas de Las Especies, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, Diversity, Abundance, and Distribution of Wood-Decay Fungi in Major Parks of Hong Kong, Living in Drylands: Functional Adaptations of Trees and Shrubs to Cope with High Temperatures and Water Scarcity, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/10/1029/s1, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. and R.Y. The effect of area on biodiversity patterns has been shown to be scale-dependent, having the strongest effect among species with small geographical ranges compared to those species with large ranges who are affected more so by other factors such as the mid-domain and/or temperature. Species diversity is generally highest in the tropics and decreases with increasing latitude (a pattern commonly referred to as the "latitudinal diversity gradient" or LDG; ), while elevational gradients tend to show more varied patterns among different taxa (e.g., [5,6,7]). Altitudinal migration is a short-distance animal migration from lower altitudes to higher altitudes and back. The overall strength of the latitudinal gradient in our set of diversity data (z r = −0.63) is very similar to the estimates presented by Hillebrand and Kinlock et al. A latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), with increasing species richness towards tropical zones, has been amply documented in the literature for many organisms. (2004). While some studies have found evidence of a potential role for MDE in latitudinal gradients of species richness, particularly for wide-ranging species (e.g. ; Edie, S.; Kim, S.; Supriya, K.; White, A.E. The evolutionary rate hypothesis argues higher evolutionary rates in the tropics have caused higher speciation rates and thus increased diversity at low latitudes (Cardillo et al. 2005). Broad-scale ecological implications of ectothermy and endothermy in changing environments, Latitudinal and elevational gradients in plant defenses and herbivory in temperate trees: recent findings, underlying drivers, and the use of genomic tools for uncovering clinal evolution, Evolutionary ecology of plant-herbivore interactions, Plants do not suffer greater losses to seed predation towards the tropics, Factors shaping large-scale gradients in seed physical defence: seeds are not better defended towards the tropics, Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, Spatial, bottom-up, and top-down effects on the abundance of a leaf miner, Predictions and tests of climate-based hypotheses of broad-scale variation in taxonomic richness, Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude, The geography of fear: a latitudinal gradient in anti-predator escape distances of birds across Europe, Challenges and advances in the study of latitudinal gradients in multitrophic interactions, with a focus on consumer specialization, Latitudinal variations in organic diversity, Adaptation and latitudinal gradients in species interactions: nest predation in birds, Seed predation increases from the Arctic to the Equator and from high to low elevations, Pattern and process in host-parasitoid interactions, Predators, parasitoids, and pathogens as mortality agents in phytophagous insect populations, On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient, Evidence of experimental bias in the life sciences: why we need blind data recording, Predicting organismal vulnerability to climate warming: roles of behaviour, physiology and adaptation, A latitudinal gradient in rates of ant predation, Handbook of meta-analysis in ecology and evolution, Global signal of top-down control of terrestrial plant communities by herbivores, HARKing: hypothesizing after the results are known, Explaining global variation in the latitudinal diversity gradient: meta-analysis confirms known patterns and uncovers new ones, Global patterns in background losses of woody plant foliage to insects, Abundance and diversity of birch-feeding leafminers along latitudinal gradients in northern Europe, Ecology: the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance, Global pattern of nest predation is disrupted by climate change in shorebirds, Cumulative meta-analysis: a new tool for detection of temporal trends and publication bias in ecology, Elevational contrast in predation and parasitism risk to caterpillars in a tropical rainforest, Hypothesis testing in ecology: physiological aspects and the importance of theory maturation, Herbivory may promote a non-native plant invasion at low but not high latitudes, Testing the low latitude/high defense hypothesis for broad-leaved tree species, Lower predation risk for migratory birds at high latitudes, Dogmatic is problematic: interpreting evidence for latitudinal gradients in herbivory and defense, Assessing the evidence for latitudinal gradients in plant defence and herbivory.

Fleetwood Mac T-shirt Target, Provisional Cast On With Two Knitting Needles, Injustice Wonder Woman, Davide Ancelotti Playing Career, Encyclopedia Of The Solar System 3rd Edition Pdf, Matrix Staffing Group,