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Now there are thirteen on this one street! Written over the battle clouds on the right, the “Spanish-American War” would have inspired the depiction of Columbia as an emerging military power. The aggressive quest for new markets—China’s millions being the most coveted—was justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. Here, perfectly mythologized, is yet another graphic rendering of the mystique of Western “civilization.”, “Japan Makes her Début Under Columbia’s Auspices.” Udo Keppler, Puck, August 16, 1899. “The Pigtail Has Got to Go.” Louis Dalrymple, Puck, October 19, 1898. Here the “Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade” shines a headlight upon a raging dragon and sword-wielding Chinese Boxer whose banner reads “400 Million Barbarians.” In the imagery of the civilizing mission, China is portrayed as both backward and savage. Commodore Dewey’s victory in Manila Bay in May not only paved the way for U.S. conquest of the Philippines, but also provided a valuable naval base for U.S. fleets in the Pacific. 730-735 (2008). Cartoons about Africa, Colonialism, Imperialism from Punch. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot.” Frederick Thompson Richards, Life, October 18, 1900. The catchphrase “Cape to Cairo” was first coined in 1874, by Edwin Arnold (editor of the Daily Telegraph) and was taken up by Cecil John Rhodes as a call for the “Civilisation” of Darkest Africa. In September 1901, the French artist Jean Veber used the pages of L’Assiette au Beurre to call attention to one of the often-forgotten ironies of the mystique of “the white man’s burden.” His cartoon, depicting a vast field of flat stone grave markers, carried the simple caption “United Kingdom” (Le Royaume-Uni). The British people had a long history of supporting imperial wars and as the conflict escalated, criticism in cartoon form declined and was supplanted by patriotic messages. By the spring of 1900, Boxer attacks were spreading toward the capital city of Beijing. The French leftwing magazine L’Assiette au Beurre (The Butter Plate) had a substantive run from April, 1901 to October, 1912. Xiang, Lanxin. Zudem träumte er von einer durchgängigen Verbindung von britischen Dominions. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. Kaiser William (quite equal to the occasion). ), “Is This Imperialism?”: the Boxer Uprising. He was a controversial figure in his day and remains so today.The “The Laureate of Empire.” Raritan: A Quarterly Review. The belief in racial/cultural superiority that fueled the British empire embraced the U.S. in Anglo-Saxonism based on common heritage and language. Source: Library of Congress. The word "Civilization" (with a capital “C”), alongside “Progress,” was counterposed against the words “barbarism,” “barbarians,” and “barbarity,” with accompanying visual stereotypes. The U.S. policy of “benevolent neutrality” supported Britain in the Boer War with large war loans, exports of military supplies, and diplomatic assistance for British POWs. Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism. 730-735 (2008). 1898, Donaldson Litho Co. In the West, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of an inscrutable crone, the Empress Dowager. The burgeoning mass media helped promote jingoistic foreign policies by printing disparaging depictions of barbarous-looking natives from countries “benevolently assimilated” by the U.S. A brash Uncle Sam was shown coming under the wing of the older, more experienced empire builder, John Bull. Download this stock image: From the Cape to Cairo. Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. [Read Online]. Title from item. “Der Traum der Kaiserin von China” (The Dream of the Empress of China), Simplicissimus, July 3, 1900. The U.S. appears to be carried by the Philippines, Great Britain by India, and Germany by Africa. Missionary zeal extends to a threat unfurled in a banner carried by the choir of women, “Come and be saved; if you don’t …”, “The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization.” Udo Keppler, Puck, January 12, 1898. “After Many Years. The image argues that a crisis point has been reached and the caption states, “Some One Must Back Up.”, “Some One Must Back Up.” Victor Gillam, Judge, December 8, 1900. China’s “Worn Out Traditions”—represented by the queue hairstyle required during the Qing dynasty—are about to be cut with the shears of “19th Century Progress.”, Nearly two years later, in the midst of the Boxer Uprising, Puck was still resorting to the same sort of stereotyped juxtaposition. The original context of a proposed telegraph line is rarely mentioned in such reproductions, which take the "Cape to Cairo" concept more generally. Hevia, James Louis. 1, July 6, 2015. In the “civilization” narrative, barbarians were commonly identified as the non-Western, non-white, non-Christian natives of the less-developed nations of the world. Three savage turn-of-the-century conflicts defined the milieu in which such rhetoric flourished: the Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902 in South Africa; the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines initiated in 1899; and the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China that provoked intervention by eight foreign nations in 1900. In an 1895 Puck cartoon, “A Rival Who Has Come to Stay,” John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as “Uncle Sam the Ship Builder.” The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. 755 likes. Now clad in armor and carrying a spear, she threatens to intervene to stop the anti-foreign, anti-Christian acts of “anarchy, “murder,” and “riot” that have spread to Beijing. One of his most famous pet projects was a train line that would stretch from Cairo to Cape Town – to achieve this, it meant creating British territories in the heart of central Africa. — President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions.” The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words “Give Us Liberty.” His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. Although these magazines were affiliated with different political parties—the Democratic Party and Republican Party respectively—both generally supported pro-expansionist policies. As the cartoon record of these turn-of-the-century years repeatedly demonstrates, moreover, it was taken for granted by the imperialists that the people on whom they were bestowing the light of civilization were literally—and often grotesquely—of various shades of darker complexion. Britannia—Daughter! 8, No. "Then, Sir, may I take it for granted that you have no objection to our line running through your property?" The angel of peace and caption suggest that their joint strength will bring about world peace. From the Cape to Cairo book. Cape to Cairo. These more critical graphics did not exist in a vacuum. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the world’s barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. In the late 19 th century, the British-South-African personality Cecil Rhodes dreamed of a complete, uninterrupted railway stretching from Cape Town, South Africa, all the way to Cairo, Egypt. The caption, “From the Cape to Cairo. Life published many graphics that showed the humanitarian costs inflicted by war and political aggression—despoliation, looting, concentration camps, torture, and genocide—often awkwardly interspersed amongst humorous sketches and domestic scenes. As the American West was absorbed and the continent consolidated, the mandate of “Manifest Destiny” shifted from territorial to commercial expansion beyond contiguous borders. In this blatantly racist rendering, America’s newly subjugated people appear far more primitive and barbaric than the older empire’s load. Ewart S. Grogan and Arthur H. Sharp. In these details, the headlight of a modern vehicle (Judge, 1900) and starlight from a goddess of “civilization” (Puck, 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. America’s recent subjugated populations are savage, unruly, and rebellious—literally visually “half devil and half child,” as Kipling would have it. 202-212 (September 2010). Gillam’s sub-caption is “All this for politics—is civilization advancing?”. Uncle Sam, armed and dangerous, cocks an eyebrow as he displays his handiwork: countless dead Filipino soldiers laid out in rows. The regular army was dissolved after the war and the ironclad warships gradually fell into disrepair. All this for politics—is civilization advancing?” Victor Gillam, Judge, February 3, 1900. Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University. On China’s side, the Boxers were absorbed into the Qing government forces to fight the invaders. In an unprecedented alliance, the second expeditionary force was comprised of (from largest troop size to smallest) Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, U.S., Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Though “carving the Chinese melon” was a popular metaphor, none of the invaders seriously considered partitioning the large country under foreign rule. In this French cartoon from a special issue titled, “La Guerre” (War), a missionary and a Red Cross representative lament the violent and un-Christian behavior of Westerners overseas. From Tientsin to Peking with the Allied Forces. It … Declaration of Independence:“Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”. Source: Houghton Library, Harvard University. From the C - ER9554 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. Heine provided Simplicissimus with what has become a justly famous image: an armed knight, representing the West, pours a torrent of blood over Asia, while his sword drips blood on Africa. New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countries—in particular, Germany—the potential to strike Britain. In the United States, the Boer War, conquest of the Philippines, and Boxer Uprising prompted large, detailed, sophisticated, full-color cartoons in Puck and Judge. Brown, Frederick. Accusations of atrocities against civilians on the ten-day march to Beijing were made in first-hand accounts of the mission. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. Civilization and progress are inseparable, a train and telegraph drawn in her robes. England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (2014). “The War Prayer” begins with a preacher praising the nation’s just and holy war, and leading his congregation in praying for victory.

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